IndiavsSouth Korea
インドと韓国INKR
Seen from India: each line below describes South Korea relative to India.
Culture Map: eight scales
Erin Meyer's eight scales, sorted by how far apart India and South Korea sit, largest gap first.
Filled dot: India, where you are looking fromHollow ring: South Korea
Where you will notice the difference3 scales
Communicating
South Korea leaves more to be read between the lines than India (1 step)
India +1, South Korea +2, on a line from −3 (Low-context) to +3 (High-context).
Evaluating
South Korea gives negative feedback more indirectly than India (1 step)
India +1, South Korea +2, on a line from −3 (Direct negative feedback) to +3 (Indirect negative feedback).
Disagreeing
South Korea avoids open disagreement more than India (1 step)
India +1, South Korea +2, on a line from −3 (Confrontational) to +3 (Avoids confrontation).
Where you are close1 scale
Trusting
India and South Korea sit on the same step
India +2, South Korea +2, on a line from −3 (Task-based) to +3 (Relationship-based).
Not placed4 scales
These scales are left unmarked: either Meyer leaves a country off the scale or no source places it, and drawing it anyway would be guessing.
- PersuadingMeyer leaves South Korea off this scale and describes its reasoning as holistic; no source places India on it
- LeadingNo source places India on this scale
- Deciding, SchedulingNo source places South Korea on these scales
Hofstede: six dimensions
Scores from 0 to 100, sorted by the gap between India and South Korea. They describe national averages, not either country's character.
Uncertainty avoidance
South Korea scores 45 points higher than India (85 against 40)
India 40, South Korea 85, on a line from 0 (Tolerant of ambiguity) to 100 (Avoids ambiguity).
Long-term orientation
South Korea scores 35 points higher than India (86 against 51)
India 51, South Korea 86, on a line from 0 (Short-term) to 100 (Long-term).
Individualism
South Korea scores 34 points higher than India (58 against 24)
India 24, South Korea 58, on a line from 0 (Collectivist) to 100 (Individualist).
Power distance
South Korea scores 17 points lower than India (60 against 77)
India 77, South Korea 60, on a line from 0 (Low power distance) to 100 (High power distance).
Motivation towards achievement and success
South Korea scores 17 points lower than India (39 against 56)
India 56, South Korea 39, on a line from 0 (Consensus-oriented) to 100 (Decisive).
Indulgence
South Korea scores 3 points higher than India (29 against 26)
India 26, South Korea 29, on a line from 0 (Restrained) to 100 (Indulgent).
What the sources say, theme by theme
Entries for India and South Korea, side by side on wide screens. Each keeps its own confidence label and citations.
Design & quality
India4 claims
TCS announced in 2011 that it had been assessed at CMMI Level 5 enterprise-wide for both CMMI-DEV and CMMI-SVC, and says it was the first company in the world to reach enterprise-wide Level 5 for SVC.
Well attested1 source2011Datedin-design-1
Hiring-industry articles contrast services firms ("specs are king, process-heavy, ticket-driven") with product companies ("design docs, code review, CI/CD"). Neither is backed by research.
Thin2 sourcesin-design-2
The idea that jugaad (improvised fixes under constraints) is a virtue in software development draws criticism from Indian engineers themselves, on Hacker News and elsewhere. Others defend it as frugal engineering, such as designing apps that work on 2G connections.
Thin3 sourcesin-design-3
Zerodha is India's largest stockbroker, yet its tech team of 33–35 people self-hosts the entire stack. CTO Kailash Nadh says it is a misconception that team size must grow in proportion to the number of users.
Attested2 sources2024in-design-4
South Korea3 claims
A 2013 ZDNet Korea column argued that the ppalli-ppalli ("hurry, hurry") culture leads to poor knowledge sharing, architectures that do not scale and dependence on particular developers, and so ends up slowing software development.
Thin1 source2013Datedkr-design-1
A columnist who worked with Korean teams as an outside partner observed that developers make up about 80% of a team and testers are few. He adds that this is not necessarily a weakness in an agile setting.
Thin1 source2024kr-design-2
- 정철환 칼럼: 개발자와 테스터 (CIO Korea) (2024)
SPRi (2014) and a ZDNet Korea op-ed (2023) argue that multi-tier subcontracting persists in public-sector SI projects, locking smaller firms into low-value coding so that they never build planning and design skills.
Attested2 sources2023kr-design-3
Failure & risk
India3 claims
According to Meyer's 2017 HBR article, in top-down decision-making cultures, India among them, decisions are made quickly but can change as new input or arguments arise. A decision is treated as a placeholder that can be adjusted later, not a firm commitment.
Attested1 source2017in-failure-1
On Meyer's Scheduling scale, India is on the flexible-time side, described as running several things in parallel, accepting interruptions and prioritizing adaptation.
Attested1 sourcein-failure-2
The claim that offshore teams do not escalate bad news rests on anecdotes on Hacker News. Other HN commenters counter that US-side managers often have not built a structure that invites pushback.
Thin2 sources2024in-failure-3
South Korea3 claims
Introducing its 2021 developer conference SLASH21, Toss presented a culture that values fast execution over fear of failure.
Well attested1 source2021kr-failure-1
After a fire at the Pangyo data center caused a major outage in October 2022, Kakao presented its root cause analysis and prevention measures at if(kakao) dev 2022 that December. The measures include data center redundancy and triple redundancy for operations tooling.
Well attested2 sources2022kr-failure-2
Woowa Brothers, the company behind Baemin, lists "don't blame people" among its principles for KPT retrospectives. An SK Devocean presentation says the hardest step in a postmortem is not holding the person responsible to account.
Well attested2 sources2021kr-failure-3
Feedback & code review
India2 claims
An article summarizing Meyer's eight scales places India toward the high-context end and on the side that avoids confrontation.
Attested1 sourcein-feedback-1
Rastogi et al. (ESEM 2018), analyzing about 70,000 GitHub pull requests, found that in 16 of 17 countries, pull requests were more likely to be accepted when the submitter and reviewer were from the same country. India was the exception: acceptance fell by 7.4% when the maintainer was also from India.
Attested1 source2019in-feedback-2
South Korea2 claims
The "Pn rule", which marks each review comment from P1 (must fix) to P5 (minor opinion), started at Banksalad and has been adopted by Woowa Brothers, Daangn and others.
Attested2 sources2024kr-feedback-1
One Woowa Brothers team has a rule that reviewers leave a comment praising the author even when they have nothing to correct.
Well attested1 source2022kr-feedback-2
Hierarchy & decisions
India3 claims
Meyer's 2017 HBR article places India in the top-down, hierarchical quadrant, together with Brazil, China, France, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia and Saudi Arabia.
Attested1 source2017in-hierarchy-1
India scores 77 on Hofstede's power distance (PDI), its highest of the six dimensions. The Culture Factor describes this as an appreciation of hierarchy and top-down structure.
Attested1 source2026in-hierarchy-2
A hiring-industry article contrasts services firms, which run on approval chains and hierarchy, with product startups, where engineers can talk to founders directly and decisions are fast.
Thin1 sourcein-hierarchy-3
South Korea4 claims
On Meyer's Leading scale, South Korea is placed toward the hierarchical end. The evidence is a secondary excerpt from the book.
Attested1 sourcekr-hierarchy-1
A Substack essay argues that in chaebol such as Samsung, Hyundai and LG, decision rights are concentrated at the top to an unusual degree even by East Asian standards.
Thin1 source2025kr-hierarchy-2
Under Toss's DRI system, discussion is open regardless of rank, but one directly responsible individual makes the final call. Information is shared on a "100 inside, 0 outside" principle.
Well attested2 sources2022kr-hierarchy-3
Kakao has had staff call each other by English names since its founding in 2006, but its affiliate Kakao Games returned to the honorific "-nim" in 2024. News coverage also quotes industry voices saying many companies have flat forms of address but not a flat culture.
Attested2 sources2024kr-hierarchy-4
Communication & docs
India2 claims
In the EF EPI 2024, India ranked 69th of 116 countries and regions. English is widely used as a working language, but India's rank on this test is mid-table.
Attested1 source2024in-communication-1
Explainers of Meyer's Trusting scale place India on the relationship-based side, where trust built through personal relationships is needed before work begins.
Thin1 sourcein-communication-2
South Korea2 claims
On Meyer's Communicating scale, South Korea sits with Japan and Indonesia at the most high-context end.
Thin1 sourcekr-communication-1
One practitioner argues that when agile is imposed from the top while executives and middle managers keep their old thinking, the only result is a heavier load on the teams.
Thin1 sourcekr-communication-2
Work & careers
India5 claims
NASSCOM estimated India's tech industry revenue for FY2025 at about $282.6 billion, with 5.8 million employees (a net addition of 126,000). A 2026 revision raised these to $297 billion and 5.82 million.
Attested2 sources2026in-work-1
According to NASSCOM and Zinnov, India had more than 1,700 global capability centers (GCCs) of foreign companies employing more than 1.9 million people as of FY2024. GCCs are also spreading to tier-2 cities.
Attested2 sources2024in-work-2
Attrition at the large IT services firms swings with the business cycle. In Q2 FY23 it was 27.1% at Infosys, 23% at Wipro and 21.5% at TCS; by Q4 FY24 it had fallen to 12.5% at TCS and 12.6% at Infosys.
Attested2 sources2024in-work-3
According to USCIS, 72.3% of H-1B petitions approved in FY2023 were for people born in India; 11.7% were for people born in China.
Well attested2 sources2025in-work-4
In 2023, Infosys founder Narayana Murthy said young Indians should work 70 hours a week. The remark drew strong backlash on social media but support from some business leaders, and public opinion split.
Attested2 sources2023in-work-5
South Korea7 claims
OECD data put South Korea's annual working hours in 2023 at 1,872, about 200 hours above the OECD average.
Attested1 source2024kr-work-1
News reports say working conditions in the IT and game industries improved substantially after the 52-hour workweek cap took effect in 2018.
Attested1 source2023kr-work-2
In KOCCA's 2024 survey of game industry workers (n=1,510), 34.3% had experienced crunch and 69.9% were on an all-inclusive wage system, which bundles overtime into a fixed salary. At companies with fewer than 50 employees the share exceeded 90%.
Attested2 sources2025kr-work-3
Remote work policies vary by company. Naver kept Connected Work, which lets staff choose fully remote or three office days a week every six months, while Kakao effectively returned everyone to the office from 2024.
Attested2 sources2024kr-work-4
After the scramble for developers in 2021, the market reversed: in a 2024 Grepp survey, 34% of companies said they would hire fewer developers.
Attested1 source2024kr-work-5
In the 2021 Programmers developer survey, 63.1% of respondents worked at companies with 50 or fewer developers.
Well attested1 source2021kr-work-6
- 2021 프로그래머스 개발자 설문조사 (2021)
Reports say that in multi-tier SI subcontracting, freelance developers at the bottom of the chain are especially exposed to unpaid fees when a project is halted or an intermediary goes bankrupt.
Attested2 sources2019kr-work-7
Open source & community
India4 claims
According to GitHub Octoverse 2025, India has 21.9 million developers, second only to the US (up from 4.5 million in 2020). More than 5 million joined in 2025 alone.
Well attested1 source2025in-oss-1
- GitHub Octoverse 2025 (2025)
The same Octoverse 2025 report says India has already overtaken the US to have the world's largest base of public and open source contributors, and projects 57.5 million developers in India by 2030.
Well attested1 source2025in-oss-2
- GitHub Octoverse 2025 (2025)
Zerodha launched FLOSS/fund in October 2024 to give $1 million a year to open source projects worldwide. In 2025 it paid out a total of $1 million to projects including Blender, FFmpeg and OpenSSL.
Attested2 sources2025in-oss-3
Zerodha CTO Kailash Nadh says India uses FOSS heavily but its contributions are negligible, and has proposed a government-backed sovereign FOSS fund.
Attested1 sourcein-oss-4
South Korea4 claims
In GitHub Octoverse 2023, South Korea had more than 1.9 million developers, up 22% year on year.
Well attested1 source2023kr-oss-1
NIPA runs the Open Source Contribution Academy, which supports Korean developers in contributing to global open source projects. In 2024 it selected 282 participants from 931 applicants, and it held a launch ceremony again in 2026.
Well attested2 sources2026kr-oss-2
Open source projects from Korean companies include NAVER's APM tool Pinpoint (about 13.9k stars) and LINE's Armeria (about 5.1k stars).
Attested2 sourceskr-oss-3
In the EF EPI 2024, South Korea ranked 50th of 116 countries and regions, well ahead of Japan (92nd).
Attested1 source2024kr-oss-4